![]() Although on a decline in comparison to online shopping, the industry as a whole generated £381bn in sales in 2018 and £394bn in 2019. Loosely described as the process of selling consumer goods to customers and effectively making a profit, the retail market makes up 1/3 of consumer spending in the UK. All in all highlighting retail asset tracking tools as a smart way of keeping costs down and profits up. That’s not to mention the increased accuracy of inventory management, reduced labour requirements, and improved product availability. As well as boosting stock control and minimising lost and stolen assets through asset tagging, in a bid to reduce ‘shrinkage’. With the objective being to enhance the overall customer experience. With innovative IoT solutions and retail Asset Tracking Software, retailers can track and record an asset’s entire life cycle. Sometimes, a protective overlay made from materials such as PVC lamination, epoxy resin, or adhesive paper is added to protect the tag from environmental effects.As 53% of sales are expected to come from online spending in 2029, the retail industry is under pressure to improve the consumer journey from interaction to point-of-sale wholly achievable through an effective retail asset tracking solution. The adhesive material must be able to withstand appropriate environmental conditions. One side of the substrate is usually coated with an adhesive material to attach the tag to an object. The substrate material may affect the design frequency of the antenna therefore, the effect of substrate material must be considered during proper tuning of the antenna. Some of the environmental conditions that can affect the substrate are heat, moisture, vibration, chemicals, sunlight, abrasion, impact, and corrosion. The substrate material must provide dissipation of static buildup, a smooth printing surface for antenna layout, durability and stability under various operating conditions, and mechanical protection for the antenna, chip, and their interconnections. Some of the materials used for the substrate are polymer, PVC, Polyethylenetherephtalate (PET), phenolics, polyesters, styrene, and even paper. The substrate material must be able to withstand various environmental conditions through which the tag may pass during its lifecycle. Most passive tags use substrates made from flexible material with a thickness of 100 to 200 nm. A substrate is usually made from flexible material such as thin plastic, but it may also be made from rigid material. The tag antenna is deposited or printed on the substrate, and the IC is then attached to this antenna. The substrate holds all other tag components together. Making tag ICs more efficient in power usage and requiring less power to operate increases the read range of passive tags. The smaller the IC, the lesser the cost and power required to operate it. With advances in semiconductor technology, ICs are becoming smaller-as small as grain of sand. The finished ICs are individually tested to ensure reliable functionality in the field. Manufacturing of ICs requires state-of-the-art clean room facilities. ICs are created on a large semiconductor wafer. The IC may store tag ID, object identifier, password, and error detection code such as cyclic redundancy code (CRC). The type of data stored in the memory depends on the protocol used. Therefore, data stored on the tag is retained for a long period (several years), even though no power may be available to the tag during this period. This type of memory does not require continuous power to store data. Tags use electrically erasable, programmable, read-only memory (EEPROM). A block may be a read-only type, a write-only-one-time type, or a write-many-times type. The memory on the IC may be divided in different blocks, called banks. It also is used to modulate/demodulate signals and to encode/decode digital bits during the communication between the interrogator and the tag. ![]() The processing logic implements the communication protocol.
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